The Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development (JEMAD) (ISSN: 2449-4585) is an open access peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually by the College of Economics and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños (CEM-UPLB). JEMAD aspires to be the leading national and regional platform for knowledge generation and exchange in the broad areas of economic and agricultural development, agribusiness management, entrepreneurship, and cooperative development.